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And its value in comparison with other Illuminants. 

ITS CAPABILITIES 

WHEN WELL MADE, 

And its consequences when poorly made. 


The value of all illuminants depends upon the amount 
of good and safe light they will give, rather than on 
their mere bulk. 

A gas company is a manufacturer and seller of LIGHT\ 
and is guilty of gross negligence when it forces upon 
its consumers gas by the cubic foot 9 regardless of the 
amount of LIGHT it contains. 

One foot of good petroleum gas will give as much light 
and for as long a time as five feet of good coal gas. 


Adopted by the following organizations in Penna. : 

SUNBURY GAS CO., SHAMOKIN GAS LT. CO., 

PHILA. & READING R. R. CO., MAHANOY CITY GA^CO., 

ASHLAND GAST LIGHT CO., j SHENANDOAH GA&Mt... 

BLOOMSBURG G^tS LIGHT CO., 

Entered according to Act Congress, in the year 1874, ~ 

BY D. PATTON, X 

In the fclw-k'* Office of the D i strict Court ' of - tho - United HUtu., t'ur llffi Tuist&i-rr 

• • • • 


SUNBURY: 

A. A. & JOHN YOUNGMAN, Printers. 

















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PREFACE. 

In preparing these memoranda for the information of the public, although 
actuated principally by a desire to extend a legitimate business in which I 
am protected by my various patents, it is my earnest desire to give to the 
public reliable data in plain language regarding the general question of 
public illumination. 

And I do this with a full and resentful knowledge of the many frauds that 
have been and are being perpetrated, and of the falsehoods that have been 
told in this branch of industry. 

J. DESHA PATTON. 

Trevorton, Pa., August, 1874. 













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PETROLEUM GAS 


APPARATUS FOR ITS MANUFACTURE. 

These memoranda are intended more particularly tor the information of 
persons about to erect gas works, either for public or private use (although 
they may convey some instruction to those who are already engaged in the 
manufacture of illuminating gas, and it must be borne in mind that all tech¬ 
nicalities and assumptions have been omitted for the sake of that simplicity 
and clearness without which they would be of no use to persons unexperi¬ 
enced in gas works and manufacture. 

The evident cheapness of petroleum as a source of light has led to in¬ 
numerable attempts to use it for the production of illuminating gas, and all 
these attempts have necessarily had some degree of success for the reason 
that the transposition of petroleum into something in the form of gas, and 
sufficiently resembling it to be called gas, is so easy that the clumsiest 
attempts couldn’t well fail to produce either gas or vapor. The trouble has 
been to produce a fixed gas with regularity and certainty, and to do this 
so well and thoroughly that the three great difficulties in the operation, viz : 
Smoking, condensing, and depositing of tar, and other obstructions in the 
apparatus and its connections, should be avoided, and yet keep the apparatus 
within such simple form as to be within the easy comprehension and power 
of management of ordinary intelligent labor. 

The test of the practical utility of any mechanical or manufacturing opera¬ 
tion is not that it will work when in the hands of its inventor, or of a person 
of peculiar skill ; but the practical question is, will it work in ordinary 
hands, and will it perform its duty not only when in perfect order and in 
careful hands, but, after it has become old and when subjected to the various 
vicissitudes'incident to its position and use in every day working? 

Especially, and above nearly all other apparatus, is a gas works required 
to be punctual and regular in its workings, and the more nearly an ap¬ 
paratus or process approaches the fulfillment of these conditions 
without fully accomplishing their comparison with other illuminants, 
the more liable it is to deceive. 



It is customary in measuring the lighting power of coal gas to compare a 
burner of the sort best adapted to that gas and consuming five cubic feel per 
hour with a sperm candle consuming 1‘20 grains of sperm per hour, and the 
gas is called 10, 12. 14 or 1G candle gas accordingly as the five foot gas flame 
gives 10, 12, 14 or 16 times as much light as the single candle. 

Applying the same rule to petroleum gas we see that a consumption of five 
feet per hour will give as much light as 70 to 80 candles, so that five cubic 
feet of coal gas or one cubic foot of Petroleum gas or (average) from 14 to 
16 sperm candles, will each give the same amount of light for one hour, and 
this fact, namely, that one foot of petroleum gas will last as long and 
give as good a light as five feet of coal gas, is the basis upon which 
its great economy rests, and the light it produces, estimated at first cost, is 
actually cheaper than that of common coal oil estimated at first cost. 

It may be as well to premise that in the manufacture of illuminating gas 
from coal, which process consists of heating the coal in red hot retorts, cooling 
the product thus obtained, and purifying it with water and lime, the amount 
of gas so obtained averages something under four cubic feet of gas from each 
pound of coal. Under ordinary circumstances this gas is consumed, as we 
see it in ordinary use, through burners of iron or lava, each of which con¬ 
sumes from three to twelve cubic feet per hour—the average being between 
five and six teet. This average burner, as ordinarily used, gives a light of 
from 12 to 16 candles, and will maintain a flame of that brilliancy if it is of 
good quality, and the burner is well adapted to its work, for an hour—using 
in that time fully five cubic feet of gas, so that the illuminating value of five 
cubic feet of good coal gas, in ordinary use, is equal to the amount of sperm 
consumed by say 14 (average between 12 and IG) standard candles per 
hour, allowing 2 grains per minute or 120 grains per hour, (the customary 
allowance for each candle,) we have 14 X 120 = 1680 grains -4-437 = 3.85 
ounces avoirdupois of sperm as the equivalent in lighting power of five feet 
of coal gas, and omitting fractions, one pound of sperm will give as much 
light as twenty-one feet of gas: at $4.00 per 1000, which is something less 
than the average price in the U. S., the 21 feet would cost 8.4-10 cts., so that 
the light from coal gas— if of good quality —is equal in price to that from 
sperm or other equal material at 8.4-10 cts. per pound. Petroleum in its 
refined form of kerosene, burned in a good lamp, gives a flame equal to that 
of six candles for a consumption of one fluid ounce in 76 minutes, showing 
that one fluid ounce of kerosene is worth = 952 grains, or some¬ 

what over two ounces avoirdupoise of sperm, and consequently one. pint (16 
fluid ounces) is equal in illuminating value lo over two pounds of sperm or 
forty-two feet of coal gas. 

The manufacture of petroleum into gas instead ot into refined kerosene, can 
be accomplished at even less expense than that of refining, when operated on 
the same scale, and the result is that the production of one gallon of crude 
oil or crude naptha in the form of gas will give a fraction more light than an 
equal amount of refined oil consumed in a lamp. 


8 > 

% 

CAUSE OF SUPERIOR LIGHTING POWER. 

The specific gravity of fixed gas made from petroleum is twice that of coal 
gas and five-sixths that of air. and it contains five times the amount of 
illuminating elements that are found in coal gas. These elements, 
while existing in coal gas to the extent of about 8 per cent, are 
found in petroleum gas to the extent of 40 per eent., and are the 
cause of its manifold superiority. 

MODES OF USE. 

To be available in general use this excessive richness of petroleum gas re¬ 
quires some special provision for supplying it with air for combustion. If 
the supply of air is insuffi'cieht the combustion will be imperfect, and the re¬ 
sult will be that the very elements which should give light will pass off in 
the form of smoke. All known illuminants will do; he same thing under 
equivalent circumstances, and therefore we provide for kerosene artificial 
drafts of air, and burn coal gas in burners adapted to its demands ; either of 
these methods will answer the same purpose for petroleum gas and there is 
ftlso a third—namely, dilution by admixture of air or non-illuminating gas 
with the petroleum gas. 

The first of these—the artificial draft—involves the use of glass chimneys, 
and is objectionable to the extent of the cost and care of those chimneys, 
except in such special cases as stand lights, &c., where ornamentation or 
particular use render the employment of glass desirable. 

'The third—dilution—is a clumsy attempt to imitate coal gas, and is liable 
to the following grave objections :— 

The purpose of dilution are three, viz : 

1st. To make a compound that will burn in coal gas burners. 

2nd. To increase the bulk of the gas so that the .consumer will be com¬ 
pelled to burn a large quantity of gas in order to get a given 
quantity of light. 

3rd. To support and conceal the large quantity of petroleum vapor result¬ 
ing from imperfect modes of manufacture. 

All of these are reprehensible because the dilution, if made with non-illu¬ 
minating gas, costs money both in the erection and maintenance of works, 
and if made with large quantities of air, is dangerous, for the admixture of 
air and any illuminating gas will form an explosive mixture, requiring only 
the proper proportions, and these are to a certain extent liable to occur 
whenever by accident or design an undue quantity of air is administered. 

The increase of bulk for the second reason is merely an attempt to blind 
the consumer as to the quantity of gas required for his wants, and in concert 
with a nominally low price by the cubic foot, to make him believe that he is 


4 


supplied with a cheap gas, while on the contrary the price in view of the at¬ 
tenuated condition of the gas, is very high. The result of this is that the 
consumer is injured, and feels that such is the fact without knowing exactly 
how it is done. This objection also exists to the dilution of coal gas, in 
which case it is usually accomplished by allowing the coal to remain in the 
retort at high heat, after the more valuable portions of the gas have passed 
off and while it continues to yield a quantity of gas having little or no illu¬ 
minating value, and adding to the bulk of gas in the gasometer without ad¬ 
ding to its illuminating power. 


The third reason is equally bad and is adapted to allow the.palming off ot 
vapor or imperfectly made gas instead of the genuine article, and involves 
all the objections appertaining to the other two reasons, besides being the 
common resource of those parties fraudulently representing apparatus as 
making “fixed gas,” the only product of which is a mixture of gas, vapor, air 
&c., utterly unfit for purposes of general illumination—and which, when put 
to that use, results in smoking at the burner, loss of light, and deposits of 
tar, &c., in the pipes. 


“AIR GAS” OR “GASOLINE" APPARATUS. 


The various styles of “air gas” or “gasoline’ apparatus operate by pass¬ 
ing air from a fan, or blower, over or through a quantity of very light re¬ 
fined petroleum, known as gasoline, from which it imbibes a quantity of 
illuminating elements, varying according to the quantity of material used, and 
according to the temperature at which it is volatilized. When this is used 
directly from the apparatus, without the intervention of a meter, 
and is not compelled to pass through long lengths of cold pipe, and is placed 
underground and out of doors at a safe distance from the building to be 
lighted, it usually answers a good purpose ; but is not reliable for long 
lengths of pipes or large numbers of burners. This mode of using petroleum 
for illumination, although scarcely coming within our subject, is so nearly 
allied to it, especially in its diluted phase, that it seems well to give this 
brief description of its operation and capacities. 


All the various gasoline apparatus attains precisely the same end by va¬ 
rious means, viz : It mixes air and petroleum vapor and conveys it to the 
burners in mechanical, not chemical combination, and is available under cer¬ 
tain circumstances where the product cannot become chilled, in which latter 
event it loses its luminosity and becomes dangerous. 


5 

THE PROPER MODE OF USE. 

I 

The remaining mode of using*petroleum gas, viz : By providing for its con¬ 
sumption burners specially adapted to it, and from which it is ejected at the 
rate of about 1 foot per hour, in sheets so thin that they receive air enough 
for perfect combustion from the natural draft, just as an ordinary coal gas or 
candle flame does. This seems to me to be the rational way to use it. I 
have heard but one fair objection urged against it, viz : That it doesn’t 
use gas enough. The light yielded by one foot being equal to that yielded by 
five feet of coal gas, it follows that each consumer of gas would use just one- 
fifth the bulk formerly required—and the view taken by the gas companies is 
that the substitution of this rich gas for coal gas, even though it could be 
done without cost, would nevertheless result in a financial loss, because the 
entire gross receipts would then not be as much as the profits now are. 


GAS COMPANIES AND GAS CONSUMERS. 

The question thus brought up is that of the mutual relations and require¬ 
ments of a gas company and its consumers, and in this it cannot be denied 
that the object of the company is profit, and that of the consumer is light and 
the proper view of this is that one is a buyer and the other a seller of light 
and the mere bulk of material passing between them is not a criterion of 
value any mdre than the size of a U. S. note is of its value. 

Gas companies, where not spurred by competition, are usually unreason¬ 
able in requiring payment for gas with entire disregard to its illuminating 
value, and on the other hand gas consumers would be very apt to think 
themselves aggrieved at being called on to pay more by the cubic foot for 
good gas than they have been accustomed to pay for poor gas. 


REGISTRATION OF LIGHT IN DOLLARS AND CENTS. 

As a compromise measure between these adverse interests I have adopted 
the registration of gas by statement directly in dollars and cents, and make 
the obligation of the gas company to the consumer to furnish him with a 
given amount of light instead of a given amount of gas. 

At Shamokin, Ashland, Mahanoy City and Shenandoah City, the stated 
price is one cent and a half per hour for a 14 candle flame—equivalent to 
ordinary coal gas at $3.00 per 1000, the usual rate in that neighborhood 
being from $4.00 to $5.00 —and the meters are so graded as to supply suffi¬ 
cient gas to keep the flame above 14 candles for one hour while registering 
U cents. This makes a standard more just and more comprehensible to the 
gas consumer than the registration in feet—and experience has shown me 
that it is satisfactory to both parties. 


6 

. COMPARISON IN POINT OF ECONOMY WITH CO A L GAS. 


The cost of manufacturing petroleum gas ^undiluted. and coal gas, when 
made in equal quantities being about the same per cubic foot, it follows that 
the light as furnished, b}’ the former is cheaper just in proportion as the 
gas is more luminous, and this being the proportion of 5 to 1 in favor of 
petroleum gas, in other words petroleum gas light is five times cheaper than 
coal gas light and this is the actual and practical difference in the financial 
value of the two gases so far as the production of light is concerned. It 
however does not extend to heating power. 

The advantages of petroleum gas over coal gas are found not onlj r in its 
production, but also in the apparatus for its manufacture and distribution. 
A gasometer capable of holding 8000 feet of coal gas and supplying the wants 
of a small town, would, when filled with petroleum gas, contain as much light 
as 40,000 feet of coal gas, aud would be sufficient to supply a large town. 

MANUFACTURE AND GENERAL DESCRIPTION. 

The manufacture of petroleum gas requires a very careful adjustment of 
heat for— 

If it be heated too much, the destruction of illuminating power, by de¬ 
positing the carbon, is very great; and if not heated enough the decompo¬ 
sition is not effected, and instead of a permanent gas the result is a vapor 
which will condense on cooling. It is, therefore, necessary to secure just 
the proper degree of heat, and this I do by a simple arrangement for the 
GRADUAL heating of a stream of oil. through the various liquid and vapor 
states, up to that point at which it becomes a fixed gas, and is then immedi¬ 
ately passed out toward the gasometer. 

The result is that the oil is manufactured into fixed gas with the 
least possible waste ; the lighter grades requiring less heat, and therefore 
working up more rapidly than the heavier grades. 

In practice I have obtained the best results from crude Naptha, which is 
the cheapest form of petroleum in the market. 

The gas is safe and reliable under any circumstances that coal gas is, and 
under some that coal gas is not. For instance : it requires a larger and more 
perfect admixture of air to make it explosive, and does not deteriorate under 
extreme cold or pressure, as coal gas does. For the latter reason, as well as 
on account of its vastly greater lighting power, it is eminently adapted for 
the lighting of cars and to other uses in transitu. Simplicity and 
safety are the two great desiderata in gas making apparatus for general 
use. The simplicity of this is such that any person of sufficient intelligence 
to.be a fireman or brakeman could manage a works after three or four days' 
practice. 


7 

The practical result of the greater brilliancy of this gas is not that a 
burner using it will give five times more light than one using coal gas in the 
same quantity; but that a burner using one foot of this gas per 
hour will give as much light as a burner using five feet of coal gas 
per hour ; and that for any illuminating purpose one foot of it-will answer 
as well as five feet of coal gas. Therefore a gasometer of 10,000 cubic feet 
capacity, filled with this gas, would contain as much light as one of 50,000 
cubic feet capacity filled with coal gas—a matter of practical economy, al¬ 
lowing a saving of four-fifths in that item, and this same proportion 
of economy, as compared with coal gas, extends throughout the sys¬ 
tem, subject to local variations. 

Wherever the gas is made for use and not for sale, this economy will be 
appreciated as soon as known. Where petroleum gas is made for sale, it 
should be at prices based upon the light furnished and not upon the bulk 
used. Where this is done, and the results of the economy are shared alike by 
the producer and consumer, it cannot fail to give satisfaction to both sides. 


For existing gas works and as an auxiliary to coal gas it can be used 
to bring gas of an inferior quality up to any desirable standard of illuminat¬ 
ing power, so that a very large yield of inferior gas could be obtained from a 
ton of coal, and the addition of a small quantity of petroleum gas would 
bring its quality up to the proper standard ; or a ton of coal now producing 
8,000 feet of 16 candle gas would make 12,000 feet of 11^ candle gas, the 
addition to which of 1,000 feet of petroleum gas would make 13,000 feet of 
gas fully equal in quality to the first 8,000 feet. Or again, the bituminous 
coals of'our western States—making six or seven candle gas—might be used, 
and the gas made from them enriched up to whatever quality was desired. 


The difficulty heretofore experienced in the manufacture of petroleum gas 
arose from want of proper means to apply a heat sufficient to make fixed gas 
and not sufficient to produce destructive decomposition, and the consequent 
formation of tar and other refuse in the retorts and pipes. At a lower heat the 
product is a mixture of fixed gas and vapor, unfit for general illuminating pur¬ 
poses. Many devices have been tried to use this vaporous compound for 
practical illumination with more or less success so far as the cheapness and 
brilliancy of the light is concerned, but wanting regularity and often dan¬ 
gerous. 


Other devices do not attempt to make a fixed gas, but rely upon carrying 
the raw vapor of the lighter gasoline suspended in air or in non-luminous 
gas. In these cases also the light is well known to be brilliant and cheap, 
but is liable to vary with the weather or with the specific gravity of the pe¬ 
troleum employed. 


8 


The product of one barrel of petroleum or gasoline is equal to 
that of nearly two tons of coal in lighting power, and the cost of pro¬ 
duction is very small. It is not necessary to dilute the gas before using—an 
idea industriously cultivated by those whose interest it is to produce a 
large number of cubic feet of dilute gas. 

r 

Petroleum gas can be used pure as readily as any other gas, but not in any 
burners (in common use) consuming more than two feet per hour, and the 
best results are obtained from the one foot lava-tip ‘‘bat wing” burner 
which gives a light of from fourteen to nineteen candles, or about the same 
as a common six foot burner with coal gas. 


From works built in 1871, the citizens and borough of Sunbury, Pa., have 
been supplied by the undersigned with petroleum gas, and have expressed 
their satisfaction in a letter saying that “there is nothing better or cheaper in 
the way of illumination,” and signed by all the principal consumers. 


The price charged to them is one cent an hour for each light. The street 
lamps are supplied at the rate of $3.00 each for gas and attendance, includ¬ 
ing lighting and extinguishing. 


Under my more recent patent the simplicity of the process is such that 
the cost of works and the labor of manufacture are reduced to a minimum. 
There is no machinery to get out of order, nor work to be done except to 
keep up the fire and allow the oil to flow in a small stream into the retorts. 
The smallest retorts I am using are four inches in diameter and three feet 
long, and make gas enough in one day to last an ordinary residence for many 
days. 


The gas, when made, is preferable to coal gas, both in safety and perma¬ 
nence as well as in brilliancy and cheapness. For enriching coal gas it is 
unsurpassed. And when the average gas company can be brought to see 
that their true policy is to furnish good gas— even if the consumers do 
Save something thereby —petroleum gas will have a large field opened for 
it as an auxiliary to coal gas. 


At present the demand for gas from small towns, communities, factories 
and individuals affords the best field for the introduction of an illuminant 
which can be made on a small scale to almost as good an advantage as on a 
larger one. 






9 


COST OF MANUFACTURE. 


The cost of petroleum gas in oil and fuel, estimating oil or crude naptha 
at $3 per barrel, and coke or other equal fuel at 10 cents per bushel, is about 
$1.50 per 1000 feet pure gas or 30 cents per 1000 when estimated by or di¬ 
luted to coal gas standard, and the labor is much less than is required to 
produce an equal amount of coal gas. 

The wages depend so much upon locality, &c., that it is scarcely possible 
to estimate them further than to say that the smaller sized works (for private 
use, factories, &c.) would require the attention of one person, man or boy, for 
8 or 10 hours once or twice a week, and works to supply towns having a pop¬ 
ulation of from 1000 to 6000, would require the attention for 10 or 12 hours 
daily of one good man ; and for a population greater, an additional man would 
be required so as to run the works at night also, as well as in day time. 


Allowing then for oil $3.00 per barrel and for coke 10 cents per bushel, and 
for labor $60 and $75 per month, and moderate estimate of sales of gas-light 
at a rate equal to $2.00 or $2.50 per 1000 feet for a town of 1000 population, 
with a few street lamps and about 50 general consumers, which would be 

equal to $200 per month, we have a gross revenue. $200 00 

Expenses: —Wages, one man. $60 00' 

“ Fuel and Oil. 30 00 125 00 

“ Repairs and incidentals 10 00 

“ Allow’ce for Collec., &c 25 00 

Leaving a balance equal to 9 per cent on $10,000,. $75 00 




Fora town of 6000 population with street lamps and 300 general consum¬ 
ers consuming the equivalent of from 500,000 to 600,000 feet of coal gas per 
month, we could safely expect a gross revenue per month, $1200 00 

Costing to Produce —Wages of 1 man. $75 00 ] 

“ Fuel and Oil,. 180 00 j $350 00 

“ Repairs & incidentals 35 00 { 

Expenses of Collections and accounts 60 00 J- 

Leaving a balance per month of. $850 00 

Equal to 30 per cent on $34,000 annually. 

For 10,000 population the average value of gas sold would probably 

be, at a moderate estimate, per month. $2,000 

and would cost : Wages of 2 men, at $60 @ $75, $135 1 

Fuel and oil. 300 (. cqq 

Collection, &c.. 100 / 

Repairs and incidentals. 45 ; - 

Leaving a monthly profit of. $1,420 

or 50 per cent, per annum on $3,400. 

For private works the expense would be from $15 per month upwards 
including labor, and omitting labor, from $5 per month upwards. In most 
cases the labor of gas making for individual or factory use could be performed 
by persons already employed and having other duties to perform, so that the 
cost of labor in such case would not really add anything to the expenses of 
the establishment, and in no event would the cost of the gas even in this small 
quantity exceed £ or ] that usually paid for coal gas. 


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GENERAL REMARKS. 


The introduction of petroleum gas into general use lias had to contend with 
numerous enemies who from various interests have combined against it, and 
has been greatly hindered by the falsG and fraudulent representations and 
character of various apparatus claiming to manufacture it, but in reality 
producing a troublesome and dangerous compound, dubbed with the name 
of some would-be genius and claiming to be the ne plus ultra of light and 
heat; and which will operate just long enough to cover the pretended guar¬ 
antees of its inventor, and enable him to sell out the stock which he lias tak¬ 
en for a portion of his profits under the pretense that he too is investing 
money in the “enterprise.” 

The modus operandi of these “enterprises,” both in coal gas and 
‘‘patent gas,” is usually the formation of a joint stock company, the getter up 
of which proposes to “erect in your town a gas works if you will only, by 
way of showing your good will, take one half or one third of the stock, the 
parties erecting the works to take the remainder as an investment.” The 
gas works are supposed to cost the full amount of the stock and the sub¬ 
scription by the builder of one half that sum is considered* an earnest of his 
belief that it is a good investment, but the fact is that he puts up a concern 
costing less than the cash paid in by the local subscribers, pockets the bal¬ 
ance and then sells his stock at the first available opportunity 

In this way many coal gas works costing from $12,000 to $18,000 have 
been built and passed off as the basis of a paid up capital of $50,000 and 
$00,0u0, and petroleum gas concerns worth only their weight in old metal 
and not costing more than half as much as the coal gasworks, have been put 
off at equal prices. 

Another advantage of petroleum gas is that it can be manufactured on a 
small scale to almost as good an advantage as on a large one and so can be 
within the reach of the smallest communities and even of single residences 
or factories. In larger factories it is especially desirable not only for econ¬ 
omy, but from the fact the cold weather of winter, which is just the time 
when light is most needed, does not in the least deteriorate it, and that is 
the very time when coal gas becomes pale from loss by condensation, and 
when gasoline apparatus refuses to work. 


FOR LIGHTING CARS AND STEAM BOATS. 

Ihe lighting of Rail Road Cars and Steamboats afford a sphere of useful¬ 
ness which it will undoubtedly fill, and which cannot be properly and 
safely filled by any other known illuminant. in this branch of the 
enterprise the Philadelphia & Reading R. R. have taken the initial steps, and 
the statement of results will be found among the appended letters and ex¬ 
tracts, as soon as time will permit a correct and full statement of the results 
they obtain, from their new works now just completed at Reading. 


11 

SUPPLY OF MATERIAL. 


It is urged by the opponents of petroleum gas making that if it comes into 
general use there will ensue such a rise in the price of oil as to raise the cost 
of petroleum gas light to a level with that of coal gas light. How slender 
a basis this hope rests on can be seen in the fact that the amount of petro¬ 
leum required for the gas making of all the gas works in the United States 
would not be more than about l-30th of the daily production of the Penn¬ 
sylvania wells and in the case of new works every barrel of oil used will 
save at.least J barrel of kerosene, and as in turn the production of that ^ 
bbl. kerosene requires nearly a whole barrel of crude oil, it is easily seen that 
there is enough petroleum for all probable demands upon it,—even in the 
event of its general adoption, by all the coal gas works in the country. 

The appended letters and statements may throw additional light on this 
subject, giving as they do the practical results and observations of a consid¬ 
erable experience in this branch of industry, and it considerable repetition 
is found in them it should be remembered that they were written or the 
most part in answer to certain specific inquiries and to meet alleged objec¬ 
tions—and last but not least to expose the deceptive points of gas apparatus 
wonderful in its claims.and worthless in its use. 

J. Desha Patton. 

Trkvorton, North’d.Go..-Pa. 


(A) 

GAS MAKING AND GAS USING. 

Written for the National Oil Journal. 

xVmong all the rapidly improving arts conducive to health, comfort and 
safety, there is nothing that has made so little advance as the art of gas 
making. All improvements adopted in that line do not tend to make gas 
one particle better than it was fifty years ago. And the reason is simply 
this : gas company policy has decided that it pays better to make poor gas 
—the yield from a ton of coal is much greater, and the number of feet re¬ 
quired for a given quantity of light is correspondingly greater. This is car¬ 
rying the rule of “Buy in a cheap market and sell in a dear one” to its ut¬ 
most extreme, and beyond this the companies do not look. We can hardly 
expect corporations endowed by special laws with special privileges amount¬ 
ing usually to absolute monopoly, to be amenable to any moral perceptions 
not enforced by the courts ; but if wd can induce them to look beyond the nar¬ 
row policy which is now their vade mecum and show them that self interest is 
in favor of their self improvement, something may be done to soften the feel¬ 
ings usual]v existing between the gas companies and their customers. I he 


financial soundness of any policy tending to give increased light to consum¬ 
ers for the same money is much doubted, because, ns is known by the com¬ 
panies and felt by the consumers, the poorer the gas is the larger the bills 
are ; a result that would not be if the circumstances were governed by the 
usual laws of trade. But gas companies are usually monopolies, and as such 
care little for complaints or dissatisfaction of customers. It is undoubtedly 
true that to produce the best results and largest dividends, companies will 
adopt such standard of price and quality as will yield the largest gross rev¬ 
enue. That there is a certain standard of price and quality in each locality 
which will produce a larger monthly average of gas revenue than any other 
standard, is evident, and it seems to me equally apparent that this standard is 
not an extreme one. It must be neither so high as to compel consumers to 
closely economize or abstain from the use of gas, nor must it be so low as to 
be merely nominal. Between these extremes is a wide range. Let us take for 
example a small works, supplying a town of 4,000 people, consuming about 
8,000 ft. per day of ordinary gas at $4.u0 per 1000 ft., and paying the gas 
company $960 per month of thirty days. With the ordinary burner, con¬ 
suming five feet of gas at a cost of 2 cents per hour, and yielding an average 
light, this rate is a grievous tax. The average illuminating power of coal 
gas as used by the consumer under these circumstances is about twelve can¬ 
dles. The increase of this lighting power to twenty-four candles would give 
the consumers a double portion of light for the same money, and I hold 
would be an absolute gain to the gas company for the following reasons : 

1st. The richer gas will not cost the company any more by the foot than 
the poorer gas. 

2nd. Very few consumers would reduce the size of their burners or num¬ 
ber of their lights in consequence of the increase of light. 

3rd. All consumers having pipes and connections with the mains would 
use them freely, for twenty-four candle gas at $4 per loot) ft. is as cheap a 
light, all things considered, as kerosene at ordinary retail prices. 

4th. Many who had hitherto not used gas would do so as soon as they 
found that its light was as cheap as other light. 

I know that this is not the belief of the companies, but it is following out 
the sound commercial maxim “Honesty is the best policy,” and if they will 
persist in making the largest possible amount of gas from a ton of coal, they 
would be consulting their true interests, if they enrich this large bulk, at 
least up to the standard which they claim for it. 

• 

As the prosperity of gas companies depends more upon the amount of their 
gross revenue than anything else, sound policy indicates that such price 
should be obtained as will yield the largest revenue. It is evident that such 


13 


price should not be too low or too high. For ordinary coal gas in 
this State an average of $1.75 is too low and $3.5U per thousand is too high. 
The mean is between these figures, probably about $2.50 for about 14 can¬ 
dle gas, or $5 for 28 candle, and $7.50 for 42 candle, $10 for 56 candle and 
$12.50 for 70 candle gas, at which prices the gas light is about equal in cost 
to the kerosene lamp light, at usual retail prices. This fact once established, 
any person, rich or poor, who could get gas would use it, in preference to 
kerosene, and help to swell the gross revenue. Coal gas cannot be profit¬ 
ably made in small quantities at this (the 14 candle), and cannot be made of 
the succeeding named qualities at all, except by enriching. Oil gas can, if 
allowed the advantage of its greater brilliancy. A flame from good coal gas> 
from a 5 foot open burner, is equal to the light of ab^pt 14candles, and would 
cost at $2.50 per oue thousand 1| cents per hour. Oil gas would supply the 
light with 1 foot per hour, and, therefore, at the same price per hour would 
yield the gas company $12.50 per one thousand cubic feet. 


People in general look upon the cubic foot as an established unit of value 
and would refuse to acknowledge the cheapness of any gas at $10 or $12.50 
per one thousand feet, but would readily acknowledge its cheapness at 1 or 
1} cents per hour for a good gas light. 


As to the manufacture of petroleum and co&l gas together, 1 do not see 
any thing beyond my arrangement is needed. There is no difficulty in mix¬ 
ing—mixers are a nuisance ; all that is needed, is to place the two gases iu 
the same holder, and they will freely commingle under natural laws, and if 
they would not, it would be useless to mix them mechanically and hope for 
them to stay in positions unnatural. Please understand that I speak strict¬ 
ly of petroleum gas y and not of petroleum vapor. 


The general idea seems to be to use petroleum gas mixed with 
large proportions of atmospheric air, or non-illuminating gas, so as 
to conceal the presence of petroleum vapor, and to compel the con¬ 
sumer to burn a large quantity. If people are to use petroleum vapor 
and air, they had better get air gas machines at once. Put gas well made 
from petroleum of any gravity, whether naptha, crude oil or paraffine (I pre¬ 
fer the former), will burn with entire satisfaction pure in batwing £ to 1 foot 
burners, or in union jet burners up to 2 feet, and give a light in the former 
equal to ordinary and in the latter equal to 10 feet coal gas burners. Dilu¬ 
tion, even with air. costs money, and is in several respects hurtful, t.er- 
tainly people who advocate, and practice the mixing of petroleum gas with 
air, or hydrogen gas, for the purpose of giving it bulk, or for a worse pur¬ 
pose, should not find fault with those who believe in mixing it with coal gas. 

J. D. P. 


n 

( 15 ) 

PETROLEUM GAS. 

A FEW OF THE FRAUDS IN THE BUSINESS- 
Written for the National Oil Journal. 

• l k 

Among the many different ways of making light from petroleum, it is nat¬ 
ural that every inventor should claim that his way is best, and in order to 
prove that fact will sometimes make assertions, which unfortunately for the 
inquirer, can be apparently proved, and cannot be readily disproved, 
and yet are very far from representing* the true state of the case. 

My investigations leacfme to believe that the illuminating power of a gallon 
of petroleum is about equal to that of 17J lbs. of sperm. A gallon of oil or 
naptha well made into gas gives about the same amount of light as a gallon 
of oil burned in a good lamp, and in either case the light obtained is equal 
to that, within a fraction, of 17^ pounds of pure sperm candles. Results 
claiming materially more than this should be regarded cum grano sa/ir, 
and be scrutinized very closely. 

I do not wish or intend to charge willful falsehood upon persons making 
such statements, for I believe, in a majority of cases, they have deceived 
themselves, and are firmly convinced that they see clearly. 

How easy this self-deception is to an enthusiastic, sanguine man, especi¬ 
ally where his own interests or preconceived convictions arc involved, I give i 
the following general examples : 

For instance, A. R, and C. have each an invention. 

AVprocess starts with twenty barrels of oil in a still, and heat is applied ; 
five thousand feet of gas are made and measured ; then the quantity of oil is 
measured and it is found that nineteen barrels remain. Therefore, it is plain, 
(isn’t it?) that a barrel of oil made five thousand, and twenty barrels would 
make one hundred thousand feet of gas. Any school boy could figure this 
up, and none but those experienced in the matter would know that when the 
nineteen barrels of oil remaining in the still cooled off thev would not meas- 
ure eighteen barrels, and that over two barrels of the very cream of the 
material had been taken to make that five thousand feet of gas, and before 
those eighteen barrels were used it would be found that the heavier portion 
of the oil, settling to the bottom, could not lie used by A’s process at all. 

B’s process mixes hydrogen gas or a large amount of common air with pe¬ 
troleum gas, and of course there is no limit to the, number of feet B. can 
make from a gallon of oil—unless the water or air gets scarce. B. has heard 
that petroleum gas is of eighty or one hundred candle power, so he calls his 
gas eighty or one hundred candle gas, and tells you he can make one hun¬ 
dred, or two hundred or three hundred feet of gas from a gallon of oil. His 
statement of feet may be correct, but the deception is in the candle power. 


% 


15 


C’s process is, {in appearance,) a little fairer than the others. He makes 
gas from petroleum without dilution or adulteration as B., or without expan¬ 
sive measure like A.: but he makes a gas at low heat heavily laden with hy¬ 
dro-carbon vapors and drives it through a one foot burner under high pres¬ 
sure, (it would smoke like a torch under low pressure), and finds that the 
burner gives the light of twenty or twenty-five candles. It is a one foot 
burner, burns one foot in an hour. There is the single ring put on it by the 
maker of burners in attestation of that fact. But C. either does not know or 
forgets that the burner under the pressure he puts upon it consumes two feet 
per hour, the recognition of which little fact in his calculations would re¬ 
duce his candle power one-half. So much for C’s candle power. Then for 
his quantity. He does not measure the same gas and vapor ot which he ob¬ 
tained anywhere from twenty-five to fifty feet from a gallon of oil, but he 
subjects another gallon of oil to intense heat and makes say, eighty feet of 
gas, two-thirds of the lighting power of which has been deposited in the 
form of carbons in the retorts, or tar in the pipes, and the gas is actually not 
much better than good coal gas. But it proves that he can make eighty feet, 
(may be more), of gas to the gallon, and he has already “proved” the qual¬ 
ity to be one hundred (may be more), candles. 


Beside A., B. and C. there are others who borrow a little from each of 
these plans and make statements and prove them in similar ways and with a 
similar enthusiastic overlooking of the truth. 


To test the working of a petroleum gas apparatus fairly: First, there 
should be no gas or volatile hydrocarbon in the holder or between the retort 
and the holder. Second, the material to he used should be of carefully 
ascertained quantity and quality, and the entire amount measured 
should he used. Third, the measures of lighting power and of production 
per gallon of oil should be accurately made from the same sample. Fourth, 
the gas should be subjected to temperature not above zero and should be 
found by long continued trial, to make no deposit in the pipes or burner, 
and to show no tendency to smoke. Fifth, the process should be simple, 
cheap and safe, and should work rapidly and uniformly. 

Results thus obtained are the ones upon which the comparison of various 
apparatus should be made. And if, under these circumstances the gas is 
not permanent at all temperatures, and free from smoke or oiliness ; or if 
there is any considerable waste (i. e.. carbon in the retorts or condensed 
matter in the pipes), or any evidence or appearance of unSafeness about the 
apparatus, it is not worth while to waste time in further investigation. 

J. D. P. 




16 

(C) 

NOTES ON PETROLEUM GAS MAKING. 

For the Nat. Oil Journal. 

It seems to be unfortunate for the advancement of petroleum gas into more 
general use that no process or system however crude or unscientific can well 
fail to achieve a certain degree of success and to produce results which, 
while the apparatus is new, or carefully manipulated, are sufficient to de¬ 
ceive a person unacquainted with gas making. A single plain retort of al¬ 
most any size or shape will, while it is kept clean and carefully worked on 
short runs, come as near to filling the “guaranteed” performances of the 
generality of petroleum gas works as they themselves will. 

Another point to which I desire to call attention is that, in statements of 

» 

results obtained from petroleum gas making and burning, it is not possible 
to give them with the absolute and unvarying accuracy usually claimed. 
Even though the quality and quantity of the material and of the decompos¬ 
ing heat are controlled with absolute uniformity the expansion and con¬ 
traction in volume, by changes of temperature in the gasometer, are suffi¬ 
cient to materially affect estimates of the candle power. The contraction 
and expansion being about one per cent, for every three degrees change of 
temperature it follows that one thousand feet of gas measured with the ther¬ 
mometer at thirty-two degrees would increase by expansion to one thousand 
one hundred feet at sixty-two degrees, and yet would contain exactly the 
same elements and give just the same aggregate light, being if eighty 
candle gas at thirty two degrees, only seventy-three caudle gas at sixty-two 
degrees. This apparent difference, amounting to ten per cent, in the 
yield, is liable to occur frequently in actual practice, and, if taken advant¬ 
age of, will tend materially to cover overstatements. 

When gas is made and stored at a temperature above sixty-two degrees 
it is very liable to carry with it, if not well made, a considerable proportion 
of petroleum vapors which will condense upon becoming colder, and so 
make the contraction still greater, and, to the extent of the condensed vapor, 
irrecoverable. 

In making gas, the cruder the apparatus used the more probable is the 
obtaining of a large 1 yield iu cubic feet but uot iu light. 

A common gas retort, at high heat, and a workman of little skill, can ea¬ 
sily get eighty to one hundred or more feet of gas from a gallon of oil. and 
yet waste the bulk of its lighting power. But it takes a scientific arrange¬ 
ment ana a skillful workman to get fifty or sixty feet as the entire yield of a 
gallon of oil, and yet representing its entire ligating power. The dif¬ 
ference in favor of the latter being that the gas thus made will give a mag¬ 
nificent light for a consumption of one foot per hour, while the other will 
give an ordinary light for a consumption of four feet per hour and will leave 
the greater portion of its lighting power 10 choke the retort and pipes in 
the form of carbon. ,j. [>. p 


17 

( 1 >) 


Trevorton, Sept. 1st, 1873. 

Editors Schuylkill Republican —Gentlemen :—In your issue of August 
30th, you have an article on “Kromshroder Gas,” touching which a few 
words of explanation may not be out of place. 

This ‘‘gas” which is not a gas, but only a mixture of vapor and air, though 
a new thing in England, is quite common in this country where we see it as 
the product of the various “gasoline gas machines,” with which the process 
is identical. 

In common with other similar methods (whereby our English cousins are 
being introduced to the beauties of raw gasoline as an illuminant) known as 
“Ruck’s method,” “new gas,” “air gas.” &c., it depends wholly Oil petro¬ 
leum naptha, commonly known as benzine or gasoline for its lighting 
power. 

The admixture of air or non-luminous gas does not add one particle to 
the lighting power of the benzine vapor; only serves to float it to the place 
of consumption, which in cold weather must follow closely on the produc¬ 
tion, or the mixture will resolve into its original elements to the great annoy¬ 
ance and danger of the consumer. 

As long as highly volatile gasoline is used, and the weather is not cold, 
such a concern will work. But with crude benzine or petroleum at any 
time, or with best gasoline in our winters, it cannot work. 

The handsomest way I know of to get up a real searching explosion is to 
saturate air with “hydrocarbon vapor,” and then freeze nearly all the ben¬ 
zine out of it and touch it otf. 

There is a good deal of excitement in English gas circles just now about 
petroleum gas and its cheapness, as evinced by the number of modes for 
using gasoline for an illuminant. Now, it refined gasoline in England at 18 
pence, or say 40 cents currency, per gallon will make a cheap light, what do 
you think of the same amount of light from a gallon of crude gasoline at 
eight cents per gallon here. J. D. P. 


(E) 

The product of one barrel of crude petroleum or benzine, averaging about 
3,000 feet of pure gas in actual working, is equal to 15,000 cubic feet of 
coal gas in lighting power, and can be diluted with air or non-illuminating 
gas, until it reaches that bulk, or used pure as desired. In the lattei case 
only 1 and U feet burners need be used, the light from the latter size, reach¬ 
ing as high by Bunsen photometer, as 27j candles, the cost ol the light is 
only about one-fifth that of coal gas. Among other uses the gas is especial¬ 
ly adapted to the supply of single residences, hotels and tactories. 

It will enable associations often or more families living within the limits 
of a small village to have their own gas works, and street lamps, at a com¬ 
paratively small cost; and for a joint stock company, will pay a handsome 
interest, where a coal gas works would not pay expenses. J. D. P. 


18 


(F) 

'The following expressions of the press and citizens of Sunbury are the re¬ 
sult of nearly two years experience with this gas : 

“The method of registering gas consumed, in dollars and cents, and bas¬ 
ing the price upon the quality of gas, instead of the old way of cubic feet, 
we believe will in a few years, be the general costum, as every consumer can 
see at any time at a glance how much money he pays for his light. Whereas 
he' who pays by the cubic foot for gas which may be of ten candle power, or 
may be of sixteen candle power, never knows how much money he is to pay 
for his light, nor how much light he has for his money.”—[Sunbury Gazette 
of Jan. 20, 1872. 

• f:. . - * 1 V ‘$ f : 

r 

The undersigned consumers of gas in the borough of Sunbury, Pa., sub¬ 
scribe to the following, as a true statement of their views in regard to it: 

We find that the supply is uniform in quantity and quality as can be desired. 

That a burner giving a very satisfactory light averages in cost about one 
cent per hour. 

That, as far as our observation extends we are well satisfied with it as we 
would be with coal gas as we see it in neighboring towns. 

That we have observed no obstruction to its burning caused by any con¬ 
densation from cold or other cause. 

We are satisfied that it burns as well, or better in our street lamps than 
any we have seen elsewhere. 

We are satisfied with the method of registration in dollars and cents, and 
that the standard of illuminating power, namely : a fourteen candle flame 
for one cent per hour is maintained as far as ordinary observation enables us 
to judge. 

We are satisfied that the cold of winter has no appreciable effect on the 
illuminating qualities of the gas. 

In fact we are generally contented and pay our bills satisfied that there is 
nothing better or cheaper in the way of illumination. 

Signed by 

✓ Hon. J. B. Packer. Member of Congress. S. ,J. Packer, Esq., Cashier First National 
Hon. Wm. L Dewart, Ex-Member of Bank. 

Congress. James Boyd Esq.. Coal Dealer. 

Hon. Alexander Jordan Ex-President John Haas Esq. Coal Dealer. 

Judge. T. H. Purdy, Esq., Attorney at Law 

Hon. Wm. M. Rockefeller Pres’t Judge Solomon Maliok Esq., Attorney at Law. 
S. P. Wolverton Esq. Attorney at Law. | (Chief Burgess ) 

W. I. Greenodgii. Esq.. Attorney at Law | And the principal business men of Sunburyi 


19 


GAS IN PURDYTOWN. 

“We hear that Mr. Purdy, Judge Rockefeller and others have made ar¬ 
rangements with the Gas Company for the extension of the gas mains to Pur- 
dytown. The principal object being the illumination of the elegant new 
mansions of the above named gentlemen. We don’t wonder that those who 
have been in the habit of using the light furnished by our Gas Company 
should be unwilling to do without it in their new residences. The Gazette 
has been from the first, when the manufacture and supply of petroleum gas 
was first introduced, a firm believer in its efficacy and cheapness, and we are 
glad that time has only strengthened our original views. We hope the citi¬ 
zens of those streets not provided with main pipe will follow the example of 
the Purdytown people.”—[Sunbury Gazette of October 10, 1873. 


COPY OF REPORT OF ASHLAND COMMITTEE. 

Ashland, Pa., July 8, 1874. 

To the Board of Directors of the Ashland Gas Light Company. 

Gentlemen : — We, the undersigned your committee of investigation to ex¬ 
amine the gas as manufactured under the Patton Patent beg leave to report, 
that we find upon careful and critical examination : 


1st. That the process of manufacture is very simple. 

2nd. That the gas gives entire satisfaction to the consumers. 

3rd. That the price of the gas is lower than coal gas. 

4th. That the gas gives a clear white light and does neither smoke nor 
omit an odious flavor. 

5th. That we are satisfied there is less smell in the manufacture of the gas 
than there is in any other known to your committee. 

6th. That we have made a careful examination of the cost to consumers 
which we attach hereunto for your examination. 

7th. After a very careful examination of one of them we are satisfied that 
the meters used under the Patton patent are far preferable to those 
used under the old process, because they register in dollars and cents 
instead of by the cubic foot, thus making it at once intelligible and 
satisfactory to the consumer. 

8th. Your committee in view of all the foregoing facts are satisfied that this 
gas is that which should be adopted by the Ashland Gas Light Com¬ 
pany, because it is good and can be furnished at a lower price than 
any other, all of which is most respectfully submitted. 


F. TRETTER, 
HENRY S. BONER, 


| Committee. 





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The last lines on page 1 should read, “and the more nearly an appa- 
rat us or process approaches the fulfillment of these conditions, with¬ 
out fully accomplishing them, the more liable it is to deceive.” 

The expression “Comparison with other Illuminanls,” should consti¬ 
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